中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
发育儿补贴,鼓励生育就该着眼于“减负”******
■ 社论
发育儿补贴,就是让政府更多地参与到生育养育成本分摊体系中,减轻育儿经济压力。
近日,深圳市卫生健康委就《深圳市育儿补贴管理办法》公开征求意见,办法初步拟定了深圳市育儿补贴标准,明确按照递进式差异化原则发放育儿补贴,其中生一孩、二孩、三孩三年累计补贴分别为7500、11000、19000元,引发舆论广泛关注。无独有偶,济南日前也印发《济南市优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展实施方案》,明确济南市户籍按照生育政策于2023年1月1日以后出生的二孩、三孩家庭,每孩每月发放600元育儿补贴,直至孩子3周岁。
应看到,自四川攀枝花市2021年7月在全国率先推出育儿补贴以来,包括云南、河北衡水等多地,都出台了育儿补贴政策。这次深圳、济南等地对育儿补贴做出政策安排,挟大城市的身位推出实打实的激励补贴,意味着“发钱鼓励生育”的政策暖风,正更多地从中小城市吹到包括一线城市在内的大城市。
这显然来得很有必要:现实中,大城市虽然能吸纳更多的年轻人,但生育率往往更低,年轻人“不想生、不愿生、不敢生”现象往往也更严重。这跟大城市里生活压力更大、工作节奏更快及精养模式对应的养育成本更高,有直接关系。
生育问题也是个经济问题。在经济学视域下,生育的实质就是“人口的再生产”,其正外部性很明显,但高成本也会成为影响生育意愿的重要因素。在大城市,生育养育的综合成本通常更高。要提升那些适育年龄人口的生育积极性,还得从为他们切实“减负”着手——这里面的“负”,首先就包括经济负担。
在此背景下,深圳、济南等大城市推出育儿补贴,无疑是直击适育年龄人口的真切痛点。拿深圳为例,其超大城市属性本就赋予了其育儿补贴举措以标志性意义,而相对较高的补贴标准和生育补贴对象扩展到一孩的补贴范围,也不乏范本价值。
鉴于深圳几乎是“全国最年轻的城市”,根据第七次全国人口普查数据测算,深圳5.36%的老年人口比例尚未达到老龄化社会10%的标准线,以育儿补贴鼓励生育更像是政策靠前发力。也因如此,此举更容易起到示范作用,毕竟,很多地方比深圳更需要有效释放生育潜能、减缓人口老龄化进程、延长人口红利窗口期。
一直以来,社会对发育儿补贴有些争论。有人会拿“低生育率趋势不可逆”去否定育儿补贴的存在价值。其实,应该看到,很多家庭对于生育二孩三孩的犹豫观望,都有生活压力因素考量其中,这在大城市尤其明显。发放育儿补贴,就算无法覆盖全部的生育养育成本,也能缓解许多家庭尤其大城市家庭的压力。而个中传递的“鼓励生育”导向,也会在营造向好预期中带来积极反馈。
值得注意的是,发放育儿补贴是构建生育友好型环境系统工程中的一步,而非全部。自2021年5月31日中央提出实施全面三孩政策以来,全国多地推出了延长产假生育假、给予家庭买房补贴之类的办法鼓励生育。去年8月,国家卫健委等十七部门更是出台了二十条措施,将婚嫁、生育、养育、教育一体考虑,从产假、医疗、教育、住房、财政、税收、保险等方面多向发力,旨在加快建立积极生育支持政策体系。而给予育儿补贴,正与国家层面将“3岁以下婴幼儿照护费用”纳入减税之列的动作同向而行。
说到底,生育是一个家庭的选择问题,也是一个社会的民生问题。发育儿补贴,就是让政府更多地参与到生育养育成本分摊体系中,以减轻育儿经济压力的方式提升人们的生育意愿。
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)